Reagents
胰岛素（insulin）
- Composition
- 胰岛素（肽类激素），材料类参考条目；2020 指南 ITT 方案未规定具体胰岛素类型/类似物、厂商或纯度级别，本条目不承诺具体商品
- Use information
- 肽类激素，作为外源性胰岛素负荷试剂用于实验动物胰岛素耐量试验（ITT）等葡萄糖稳态研究。
- ChEBI
- CHEBI:145810
- Identifier source version
- ChEBI · 256
Published protocol versions
- 小鼠胰岛素耐量试验（ITT） · 胰岛素溶液配制 · 胰岛素负荷 1–1.2 U/kg（Stock 2 溶液 10 µL/g 体重） · 100 U/mL Humulin R 原液，经冷无菌 1× PBS 两步稀释，冰上保存；注射前核对浓度与剂量。
Source version：protocols.io · vv1 · Nancy Smith; Mourad Ferdaoussi; Haopeng Lin; Patrick E Macdonald · Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
C57BL/6J · Verified applicability · 帕金森病 (PD)（C57BL/6J MPTP/6-OHDA 诱导 PD 模型背景品系；Candidate (not internally validated)）ob/ob (Lep^ob) · Verified applicability · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（ob/ob 模型用于肥胖、胰岛素抵抗与2型糖尿病相关代谢研究，糖尿病表型受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病模型（ob/ob 模型用于糖尿病机制及干预研究；适用性依据为文献报道。；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（糖尿病及代谢疾病机制研究中的遗传性肥胖糖尿病参考模型（ob/ob）；Verified applicability）db/db (Lepr^db) · Verified applicability · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（db/db 模型用于肥胖相关胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（C57BLKS 背景 db/db 模型用于糖尿病肾病研究，仅部分重现人类疾病特征。；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（db/db 模型用于肥胖及代谢异常研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病模型（db/db 模型用于糖尿病机制及干预研究；适用性依据为文献报道。；Verified applicability） - 小鼠胰岛素耐量试验（ITT） · ITT · 腹腔注射胰岛素负荷 1–1.2 U/kg · 按体重计算剂量的胰岛素工作液，腹腔注射
Source version：protocols.io · vv1 · Nancy Smith; Mourad Ferdaoussi; Haopeng Lin; Patrick E Macdonald · This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
streptozotocin-induced diabetes C57BL/6 mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（High-dose streptozotocin-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice were used to study diabetic wound healing and the PNS mechanism; this is not a type 2 diabetes model.；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（STZ 糖尿病 C57BL/6 小鼠：HMGB1/系膜与小管间质终点；Verified applicability）高脂饮食代谢模型（C57BL/6背景） · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（HFD-fed wild-type mice were compared with normal-diet controls and with ob/ob and DKO mice.；Verified applicability）high-fat diet plus low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes C57BL/6J mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity assessed by GTT and ITT；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（高脂饮食联合低剂量链脲佐菌素诱导的 2 型糖尿病模型，用于糖代谢、胰岛素抵抗及代谢并发症研究。；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（How chromatin accessibility, transcript isoforms and RNA modifications are remodeled in diabetic cardiomyopathy.; Whether HFD/STZ mice develop diabetic cardiomyopathy with transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling.；Verified applicability）db/db C57BLKS mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice examined at 8, 16 and 24 weeks of age with db/+ littermate controls.；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Which renal and metabolic abnormalities develop in db/db mice; db/db mouse kidney and urine at 12 weeks；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（C57BLKS 背景 db/db 小鼠：尿白蛋白/ACR、肾小球系膜基质扩张与 GBM 增厚的 2 型糖尿病肾病模型；Verified applicability）db/db mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（db/db mice were compared with db/+ controls and with the STZ-HFD model.；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（db/db 小鼠（背景未报到实体粒度）：Lepr db/db 瘦素受体功能缺陷，用于遗传性肥胖与 2 型糖尿病研究。；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Which metabolic and renal abnormalities develop in db/db mice; kidney tissue, urine and serum from db/db mice；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（db/db 小鼠（背景按各研究记载）：白蛋白尿与肾小管线粒体损伤读出；Verified applicability）high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes C57BL/6J mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（HFD-fed mice developed glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia, and noise exposure accelerated these changes.；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Does liver-directed AAV-BMP7 reverse diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance?; Male C57BL/6J mice fed chow or HFD for 6 weeks from 2 months of age, then followed about 6 months；Verified applicability）NOD mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（NOD mice with slow insulitis development were compared with BDC2.5/NOD mice to identify paths associated with early insulitis.；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（NOD 小鼠：自身免疫 1 型糖尿病伴肾小球 PAS 病变（综述推荐）；Verified applicability）ob/ob mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（ob/ob mice were injected with Lpcat3 or control ASO twice weekly for 5 weeks.；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（ob/ob 小鼠（背景未报到实体粒度）：Lep 配体缺失性遗传肥胖，用于瘦素通路与能量代谢研究。；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Does suppressing Lpcat3 improve insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in diet-induced and genetic obese diabetic mice?; 6-7-week-old ob/ob mice；Verified applicability） · 代谢相关脂肪性肝炎 (MASH)（ob/ob 瘦素缺陷小鼠：遗传性肥胖与胰岛素抵抗背景下肝脏脂肪变及炎症/纤维化二次打击研究；Verified applicability） - 小鼠胰岛素耐量试验（ITT） · Insulin Solution prep · 胰岛素工作液配制 100 U/ml Humulin R 50 µL 加入 4950 µL 冷无菌 PBS（Stock 1）；取 1 mL Stock 1 加入 9 mL 冷 PBS（Stock 2） · 人重组胰岛素（Humulin R）与无菌 PBS，现配并冰上保存
Source version：protocols.io · vv1 · Nancy Smith; Mourad Ferdaoussi; Haopeng Lin; Patrick E Macdonald · This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
streptozotocin-induced diabetes C57BL/6 mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（High-dose streptozotocin-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice were used to study diabetic wound healing and the PNS mechanism; this is not a type 2 diabetes model.；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（STZ 糖尿病 C57BL/6 小鼠：HMGB1/系膜与小管间质终点；Verified applicability）高脂饮食代谢模型（C57BL/6背景） · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（HFD-fed wild-type mice were compared with normal-diet controls and with ob/ob and DKO mice.；Verified applicability）high-fat diet plus low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes C57BL/6J mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity assessed by GTT and ITT；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（高脂饮食联合低剂量链脲佐菌素诱导的 2 型糖尿病模型，用于糖代谢、胰岛素抵抗及代谢并发症研究。；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（How chromatin accessibility, transcript isoforms and RNA modifications are remodeled in diabetic cardiomyopathy.; Whether HFD/STZ mice develop diabetic cardiomyopathy with transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling.；Verified applicability）db/db C57BLKS mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice examined at 8, 16 and 24 weeks of age with db/+ littermate controls.；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Which renal and metabolic abnormalities develop in db/db mice; db/db mouse kidney and urine at 12 weeks；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（C57BLKS 背景 db/db 小鼠：尿白蛋白/ACR、肾小球系膜基质扩张与 GBM 增厚的 2 型糖尿病肾病模型；Verified applicability）db/db mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（db/db mice were compared with db/+ controls and with the STZ-HFD model.；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（db/db 小鼠（背景未报到实体粒度）：Lepr db/db 瘦素受体功能缺陷，用于遗传性肥胖与 2 型糖尿病研究。；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Which metabolic and renal abnormalities develop in db/db mice; kidney tissue, urine and serum from db/db mice；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（db/db 小鼠（背景按各研究记载）：白蛋白尿与肾小管线粒体损伤读出；Verified applicability）high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes C57BL/6J mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（HFD-fed mice developed glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia, and noise exposure accelerated these changes.；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Does liver-directed AAV-BMP7 reverse diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance?; Male C57BL/6J mice fed chow or HFD for 6 weeks from 2 months of age, then followed about 6 months；Verified applicability）NOD mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（NOD mice with slow insulitis development were compared with BDC2.5/NOD mice to identify paths associated with early insulitis.；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（NOD 小鼠：自身免疫 1 型糖尿病伴肾小球 PAS 病变（综述推荐）；Verified applicability）ob/ob mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（ob/ob mice were injected with Lpcat3 or control ASO twice weekly for 5 weeks.；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（ob/ob 小鼠（背景未报到实体粒度）：Lep 配体缺失性遗传肥胖，用于瘦素通路与能量代谢研究。；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Does suppressing Lpcat3 improve insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in diet-induced and genetic obese diabetic mice?; 6-7-week-old ob/ob mice；Verified applicability） · 代谢相关脂肪性肝炎 (MASH)（ob/ob 瘦素缺陷小鼠：遗传性肥胖与胰岛素抵抗背景下肝脏脂肪变及炎症/纤维化二次打击研究；Verified applicability） - 小鼠胰岛素耐量试验（ITT） · 胰岛素溶液配制 · 胰岛素负荷 1–1.2 U/kg（Stock 2 溶液 10 µL/g 体重） · 100 U/mL Humulin R 原液，经冷无菌 1× PBS 两步稀释，冰上保存；注射前核对浓度与剂量。
Source version：protocols.io · vv1 · Nancy Smith; Mourad Ferdaoussi; Haopeng Lin; Patrick E Macdonald · Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
db/db (Lepr^db) · Verified applicability · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（db/db 模型用于肥胖相关胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（C57BLKS 背景 db/db 模型用于糖尿病肾病研究，仅部分重现人类疾病特征。；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（db/db 模型用于肥胖及代谢异常研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病模型（db/db 模型用于糖尿病机制及干预研究；适用性依据为文献报道。；Verified applicability）ob/ob (Lep^ob) · Verified applicability · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（ob/ob 模型用于肥胖、胰岛素抵抗与2型糖尿病相关代谢研究，糖尿病表型受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病模型（ob/ob 模型用于糖尿病机制及干预研究；适用性依据为文献报道。；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（糖尿病及代谢疾病机制研究中的遗传性肥胖糖尿病参考模型（ob/ob）；Verified applicability）C57BL/6J · Verified applicability · 帕金森病 (PD)（C57BL/6J MPTP/6-OHDA 诱导 PD 模型背景品系；Candidate (not internally validated)）饮食诱导肥胖（DIO）模型（文献参考） · Verified applicability · 代谢疾病（能量过剩型代谢紊乱机制与干预评价的文献参考模型（DIO）；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（2型糖尿病饮食诱导肥胖与胰岛素抵抗研究的文献参考模型（DIO）；Verified applicability） - 小鼠胰岛素耐量试验（ITT） · 胰岛素溶液配制 · 胰岛素负荷 1–1.2 U/kg（Stock 2 溶液 10 µL/g 体重） · 100 U/mL Humulin R 原液，经冷无菌 1× PBS 两步稀释，冰上保存；注射前核对浓度与剂量。
Source version：protocols.io · vv1 · Nancy Smith; Mourad Ferdaoussi; Haopeng Lin; Patrick E Macdonald · Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
饮食诱导肥胖（DIO）模型（文献参考） · Verified applicability · 代谢疾病（能量过剩型代谢紊乱机制与干预评价的文献参考模型（DIO）；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（2型糖尿病饮食诱导肥胖与胰岛素抵抗研究的文献参考模型（DIO）；Verified applicability）C57BL/6J · Verified applicability · 帕金森病 (PD)（C57BL/6J MPTP/6-OHDA 诱导 PD 模型背景品系；Candidate (not internally validated)）ob/ob (Lep^ob) · Verified applicability · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（ob/ob 模型用于肥胖、胰岛素抵抗与2型糖尿病相关代谢研究，糖尿病表型受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病模型（ob/ob 模型用于糖尿病机制及干预研究；适用性依据为文献报道。；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（糖尿病及代谢疾病机制研究中的遗传性肥胖糖尿病参考模型（ob/ob）；Verified applicability）db/db (Lepr^db) · Verified applicability · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（db/db 模型用于肥胖相关胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（C57BLKS 背景 db/db 模型用于糖尿病肾病研究，仅部分重现人类疾病特征。；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（db/db 模型用于肥胖及代谢异常研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病模型（db/db 模型用于糖尿病机制及干预研究；适用性依据为文献报道。；Verified applicability） - 小鼠胰岛素耐量试验（ITT） · 胰岛素溶液配制 · 胰岛素负荷 1–1.2 U/kg（Stock 2 溶液 10 µL/g 体重） · 100 U/mL Humulin R 原液，经冷无菌 1× PBS 两步稀释，冰上保存；注射前核对浓度与剂量。
Source version：protocols.io · vv1 · Nancy Smith; Mourad Ferdaoussi; Haopeng Lin; Patrick E Macdonald · Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
db/db (Lepr^db) · Verified applicability · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（db/db 模型用于肥胖相关胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（C57BLKS 背景 db/db 模型用于糖尿病肾病研究，仅部分重现人类疾病特征。；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（db/db 模型用于肥胖及代谢异常研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病模型（db/db 模型用于糖尿病机制及干预研究；适用性依据为文献报道。；Verified applicability）ob/ob (Lep^ob) · Verified applicability · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（ob/ob 模型用于肥胖、胰岛素抵抗与2型糖尿病相关代谢研究，糖尿病表型受遗传背景影响。；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病模型（ob/ob 模型用于糖尿病机制及干预研究；适用性依据为文献报道。；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（糖尿病及代谢疾病机制研究中的遗传性肥胖糖尿病参考模型（ob/ob）；Verified applicability）C57BL/6J · Verified applicability · 帕金森病 (PD)（C57BL/6J MPTP/6-OHDA 诱导 PD 模型背景品系；Candidate (not internally validated)）饮食诱导肥胖（DIO）模型（文献参考） · Verified applicability · 代谢疾病（能量过剩型代谢紊乱机制与干预评价的文献参考模型（DIO）；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（2型糖尿病饮食诱导肥胖与胰岛素抵抗研究的文献参考模型（DIO）；Verified applicability）ob/ob mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（ob/ob mice were injected with Lpcat3 or control ASO twice weekly for 5 weeks.；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（ob/ob 小鼠（背景未报到实体粒度）：Lep 配体缺失性遗传肥胖，用于瘦素通路与能量代谢研究。；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Does suppressing Lpcat3 improve insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in diet-induced and genetic obese diabetic mice?; 6-7-week-old ob/ob mice；Verified applicability） · 代谢相关脂肪性肝炎 (MASH)（ob/ob 瘦素缺陷小鼠：遗传性肥胖与胰岛素抵抗背景下肝脏脂肪变及炎症/纤维化二次打击研究；Verified applicability）db/db mouse · Verified applicability · 糖尿病模型（db/db mice were compared with db/+ controls and with the STZ-HFD model.；Verified applicability） · 代谢疾病（db/db 小鼠（背景未报到实体粒度）：Lepr db/db 瘦素受体功能缺陷，用于遗传性肥胖与 2 型糖尿病研究。；Verified applicability） · 2型糖尿病 (T2D)（Which metabolic and renal abnormalities develop in db/db mice; kidney tissue, urine and serum from db/db mice；Verified applicability） · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（db/db 小鼠（背景按各研究记载）：白蛋白尿与肾小管线粒体损伤读出；Verified applicability）db/db mouse (C57BL/6 background) · Verified applicability · 糖尿病肾病 (DN)（C57BL/6 背景 db/db 小鼠：白蛋白尿与系膜基质扩张（较 BKS 缓和的 2 型 DN 背景）；Verified applicability） · 代谢相关脂肪性肝炎 (MASH)（db/db 瘦素受体缺陷 C57BL/6 背景小鼠：高脂/复合打击下评估肝脏脂肪变、炎症与纤维化进展的遗传肥胖胰岛素抵抗模型；Verified applicability）High-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mouse · Verified applicability · 代谢相关脂肪性肝炎 (MASH)（高脂饮食 C57BL/6J 小鼠：长期高脂喂养诱导肥胖、胰岛素抵抗伴肝脏脂肪变和低度炎症的 MASH 基础饮食模型（纤维化需二次打击）；Verified applicability）