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NOD 自发性1型糖尿病模型（文献参考）

NOD 是小鼠中最知名（并非唯一）的自发自身免疫性 1 型糖尿病品系模型：NOD 小鼠自发发展自身免疫性糖尿病；糖尿病前期 β 细胞可见内质网应激证据；T 细胞、B 细胞与树突状细胞、巨噬细胞等抗原呈递细胞浸润胰岛；共生菌经固有免疫受体塑造免疫系统并参与发病。

Outcome measures

以血糖浓度对时间作图得到完整血糖-时间曲线，并可计算曲线下面积（AUC）反映葡萄糖清除程度；当各受试对象基线血糖不同时应比较高于基线的幅度或曲线下面积，而非仅比较单一终点值。该检测反映葡萄糖负荷后的整体清除，不等同于胰岛素作用的直接测量。

340 nm吸光度变化对应的葡萄糖浓度。

Experimental animals

小鼠腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量检测（IPGTT）
Age
6–14 周龄（来源研究的纵向评定时段）
Sex
Female
Tissue
blood
血液葡萄糖浓度酶法测定
Tissue
blood glucose assay samples
小鼠腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量检测（IPGTT）
Age
6–14 周龄（来源研究的纵向评定时段）
Sex
Female
Tissue
blood
小鼠腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量检测（IPGTT）
Age
6–14 周龄（来源研究的纵向评定时段）
Sex
Female
Tissue
blood
小鼠腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量检测（IPGTT）
Age
6–14 周龄（来源研究的纵向评定时段）
Sex
Female
Tissue
blood

Experimental procedures

提前一周单笼饲养 实验前一周将小鼠改为单笼饲养。 称量体重 逐只称量小鼠体重，用于按体重计算给糖体积。 禁食6小时 禁食六小时（06:00:00）。 测定基线血糖 禁食结束后，先用血糖仪测定血糖作为基线。 腹腔注射葡萄糖 按2 g/kg体重腹腔注射葡萄糖：将2 g D-葡萄糖溶于10 ml生理盐水配成20%葡萄糖贮备液，按每克体重10 ul给予。 系列采血测定血糖 于注射葡萄糖后15、30、45、60、90和120分钟采集血样，用血糖仪测定血糖。

Calibrate Cobas for Glucose analysis by running a multi analyte standard and two control serum. Calibrate Cobas for Glucose analysis by running a multi analyte standard and two control serum. Sample Handling as performed by the Cobas Mira Plus. Sample Handling as performed by the Cobas Mira Plus. a) Pipette 3 µL of sample into cuvette. b) Absorbance is measured at 340 nm. c) Add 100 µL of Glucose liquid reagent. d) Mixture is incubated at 37ºC for 10 minutes. e) Absorbance is measured at 340 nm. Change in absorbance is calculated.

Model identity

Model name
NOD 自发性1型糖尿病模型（文献参考）
Species
mouse
Taxonomy ID
10090
Strain
NOD（non-obese diabetic）
Genetic background
NOD 为近交系小鼠品系：其 MHC II 类抗原呈递分子为 I-Ag7；糖尿病发生率可因亚系间遗传漂变而改变，并受饮食、饲养环境等经肠道菌群影响；雌鼠发病率约 60% 至 90%。品系特征为文献参考记载，不代表公司实际保有、供应或质检。

Biological characteristics

Research questions
自身免疫性胰岛炎发生与进展机制；免疫治疗与预防策略评价。
Limitations
文献参考模型，不代表公司实际保有、供应或质检；不能把小鼠所见直接等同于人——针对 NOD 的疗法在人 1 型糖尿病中结果不符预期已引发对该模型的持续批评，且发病率受亚系遗传漂变与饲养环境影响，跨亚系与跨环境外推需谨慎。

Experimental methods

Experimental protocols

  • 小鼠腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量检测（IPGTT）

    Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in mice: single-house for one week, weigh, fast for 6 hours, measure baseline glucose, inject 2 g/kg body weight of 20% D-glucose intraperitoneally, then collect blood at 15 to 120 minutes after injection. Used to assess glucose clearance in obesity and glucose-metabolism models.

  • 血液葡萄糖浓度酶法测定

    Enzymatic blood glucose quantification by coupled hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reactions, using absorbance change at 340 nm on the Cobas Mira Plus.

  • 小鼠腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量检测（IPGTT）

    Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in mice: single-house for one week, weigh, fast for 6 hours, measure baseline glucose, inject 2 g/kg body weight of 20% D-glucose intraperitoneally, then collect blood at 15 to 120 minutes after injection. Used to assess glucose clearance in obesity and glucose-metabolism models.

  • 小鼠腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量检测（IPGTT）

    Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in mice: single-house for one week, weigh, fast for 6 hours, measure baseline glucose, inject 2 g/kg body weight of 20% D-glucose intraperitoneally, then collect blood at 15 to 120 minutes after injection. Used to assess glucose clearance in obesity and glucose-metabolism models.

  • 小鼠腹腔注射葡萄糖耐量检测（IPGTT）

    Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in mice: single-house for one week, weigh, fast for 6 hours, measure baseline glucose, inject 2 g/kg body weight of 20% D-glucose intraperitoneally, then collect blood at 15 to 120 minutes after injection. Used to assess glucose clearance in obesity and glucose-metabolism models.

Reagents and materials

References

  1. Wong FS, et al. Is the NOD mouse a good model for type 1 diabetes? Diabetologia. 2026;69:3-19. DOI:10.1007/s00125-025-06579-0; PMID:41206392; PMCID:PMC12686005. 综述正文记载：NOD 为最知名（并非唯一）murine T1D 模型并自发发展自身免疫性糖尿病；prediabetic NOD β 细胞见内质网应激证据；T/B 细胞与 DC、巨噬细胞浸润胰岛；'the single MHC class II chain of the NOD mouse I-Ag7'（I-Ag7 为其 MHC II 类抗原呈递分子）；遗传漂变与饮食、饲养环境经肠道菌群影响发病率；雌性发病率约 60%-90%；批评把小鼠结果直接等同于人，疗法转化不符预期。
  2. NCBI Taxonomy record 10090: Mus musculus (house mouse), rank species.
  3. Roberta Marongiu, Sabina Marciano. Glucose Tolerance Test, Version 2. protocols.io record 98408, 2024-04-18. https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.261geddodv47/v2
  4. Standard operating procedures for describing and performing metabolic tests of glucose homeostasis in mice. Disease Models & Mechanism (2010), PMID 20713647, DOI 10.1242/dmm.006239
  5. protocols.io · vv1 · John Stack; Gary Cline · This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
  6. ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines
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