immunohistochemistry
What this technique is
- Category
- Histopathology
- Principle
- 免疫组织化学是免疫染色检测技术,用于在组织切片细胞中检测并尽可能定位抗原:一抗与目标抗原表位特异性结合后,通过酶(辣根过氧化物酶 HRP 或碱性磷酸酶 AP)标记的二抗或聚合物检测系统催化不溶性发色底物(如 DAB 产生棕色沉淀)形成光镜可见信号,或以荧光标记二抗产生荧光信号在荧光显微镜下定位,后者即本技术常用的一种读出方式(免疫荧光法)。福尔马林等交联固定会掩蔽表位,石蜡切片通常需热诱导或酶性抗原修复;冰冻样本固定时间短,多不需强修复。染色后常以苏木精等复染勾勒组织结构,并用阳性与阴性对照判读信号的特异性。
- Input samples
- 脑组织切片(含游离漂浮切片) · 福尔马林固定石蜡包埋组织切片 · 冰冻组织切片
- Research questions
- 阿尔茨海默病模型脑内 Aβ 斑块与胞内 Aβ 聚集的分布、形态和负荷随年龄的变化;磷酸化 tau 病变是否存在及分布;斑块周围小胶质细胞(IBA1/F4/80)与星形胶质细胞(GFAP)的活化数量与形态;结合硫黄素S与cresyl violet(Nissl 染色)时斑块负荷、胶质增生与神经元脱失的判读。
- Output and readout
- 光镜下显色沉淀(如 DAB 棕色)或荧光下特异信号标记抗原在组织中的位置,胞核复染(如苏木精蓝色)用于区分结构层次;判读须对照含已知阳性抗原的组织切片与阴性对照(省略一抗、仅二抗或封闭缓冲液)确认信号特异,再按阳性细胞计数、斑块计数与染色面积或强度分级作半定量;荧光读出须区分特异信号与组织自发荧光,自发荧光较强时可通过淬灭处理、选用与自发荧光波段分离度高的荧光团或改用冰冻切片来降低其干扰;硫黄素S等β折叠染料荧光信号用于确认聚集态淀粉样。
- Applicability
- 适用于人及实验动物(含小鼠)福尔马林固定石蜡包埋或冰冻组织切片(含脑组织游离漂浮切片)的抗原定位与半定量;需要经相应应用验证的一抗及宿主匹配的标记二抗或聚合物检测系统;石蜡标本通常需抗原修复,磷酸化靶标优选冰冻制备;显色与荧光读出可按显微镜与多重标记需求选择;同一物种来源抗体(如小鼠源一抗染小鼠组织)需加种属交叉封闭。
- Limitations
- 结果的特异性与灵敏度取决于抗体验证与固定、修复、封闭条件:内源性过氧化物酶或磷酸酶、内源性生物素与凝集素(亲和素-生物素系统)、二抗对相似表位的非特异结合以及抗体浓度过高均产生假阳性背景;固定不足或过度、表位掩蔽、抗体效价下降导致弱信号或假阴性,HRP(辣根过氧化物酶)检测系统忌用含叠氮钠的缓冲液(叠氮钠抑制 HRP 活性);福尔马林固定与石蜡包埋带来组织自发荧光,影响荧光定量与多重标记的信噪分离;显色与荧光信号为相对量,只能定位与半定量,绝对定量需 ELISA、生化测定等正交方法;本条目仅描述组织切片免疫染色技术,不构成具体实验操作规程。
Standard concept source:OBI:0001986 · OBI · 2026-05-08
- Readout targets
- 组织切片中的蛋白抗原,本条目用于阿尔茨海默病研究时的目标抗原包括:β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ40、Aβ42 及泛 Aβ 表位,如 4G8 与 Aβ 末端特异性抗体)、异常磷酸化 tau(AT8 表位)、小胶质细胞标记 IBA1 与 F4/80、星形胶质细胞标记 GFAP,以及神经元标记 NeuN。
已发布模型
- CC × 5xFAD F1 杂交队列
- 3xTg-AD 转基因模型
- APP/PS1 参考品系(B6;C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/Mmjax)
- C57BL/6 MPTP 黑质纹状体变性参考模型(文献参考)
- 6-OHDA 损伤帕金森样模型(大鼠,文献参考)
- Tg2576 转基因淀粉样蛋白模型(APP695 Swedish)
- APP23 转基因淀粉样蛋白模型(Swedish,神经元启动子)
- J20 转基因淀粉样蛋白模型(APPSwInd,PDGFB)
- PDAPP 转基因淀粉样蛋白模型(APP V717F Indiana)
- TgCRND8 转基因淀粉样蛋白模型(Swedish+Indiana,PrP)
- App NL-F 敲入模型(Swedish+Iberian 点突变)
- App NL-G-F 敲入模型(Swedish+Arctic+Iberian)
- MitoPark mouse
- Parkin knockout mouse
- DJ-1 knockout mouse
- Rotenone-treated mouse
- A30P alpha-synuclein transgenic mouse (Thy1 promoter)
- MPTP-lesioned non-human primate
- alpha-synuclein PFF-injected C57BL/6J mouse
- MPTP-treated Swiss mouse
- 6-OHDA-lesioned C57BL/6 mouse
- Reserpine-treated mouse
- LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mouse
- 6-OHDA-lesioned Sprague-Dawley rat
- Rotenone-treated Wistar rat
- PINK1 knockout mouse
- Paraquat plus maneb-treated mouse
- LPS-induced hemiparkinsonian rat
- 6-OHDA-lesioned Wistar rat
- LRRK2 G2019S transgenic mouse
- MPTP-treated mouse (strain not specified)
- A53T alpha-synuclein transgenic mouse
- 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse
- AAV-human alpha-synuclein overexpression mouse
- BAC human SNCA transgenic rat
- LRRK2 R1441G BAC transgenic mouse
- Snca G51D knock-in mouse
- TCE-treated Lewis rat
- Rotenone-treated rat
- Paraquat-treated mouse
- Paraquat-treated rat
- AAV-human alpha-synuclein overexpression rat
- E46K alpha-synuclein BAC transgenic rat
- LRRK2 R1441C knock-in mouse
- PINK1 knockout rat
- Parkin knockout rat
- DJ-1 knockout rat
- alpha-synuclein PFF-injected rat
Published protocol versions
- 小鼠海马切片PSD95免疫荧光检测
Source version:protocols.io · vv2 · Shiyi Wang · This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
- FFPE 脑切片 6E10 碱性磷酸酶免疫组织化学检测 Aβ/APP
Source version:protocols.io · vv1 · Jonas Franz; Katja Schulz; Christine Stadelmann · This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
- 脑切片酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫荧光染色
Source version:protocols.io · vv1 · Marta Graziano; Ioannis Mantas; Konstantinos Meletis · This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
- 脑切片酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫荧光染色
Source version:protocols.io · vv1 · Marta Graziano; Ioannis Mantas; Konstantinos Meletis · This is an open access protocol distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
References
- immunohistochemistry (OBI:0001986), OBI 2026-05-08
- 赛默飞世尔科技中国官网:免疫组化-IHC-免疫组织化学技术(五步法:样品制备、抗原修复、封闭、靶标检测和可视化;冰冻与 FFPE 制备、过氧化物酶抑制剂淬灭内源性过氧化物酶、DAB 比色检测、免疫荧光读出)
- Cell Signaling Technology 中国官网:什么是免疫组织化学(IHC)染色?(组织制备与固定、HIER 与蛋白水解抗原修复、显色与荧光两类检测系统、聚合物法对比生物素法、苏木精复染与色原匹配)
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, IHC Troubleshooting Guide (Pierce Protein Methods): 内源性过氧化物酶/磷酸酶与内源性生物素、凝集素的封闭,二抗交叉反应与高背景,固定差异,阳性/阴性对照,自发荧光来源与钠硼氢、Sudan Black 等淬灭处理,冰冻切片降低自发荧光
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- Ito D, Yamamura T, Nakae O, et al. Microglia-specific localisation of a novel calcium binding protein, Iba1. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998;61(1):1-9. DOI:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00040-0; PMID:9630473.(成年鼠脑切片 Iba1 免疫组织化学定位小胶质细胞,面神经轴突损伤后活化小胶质细胞 Iba1 上调)
- Impaired neurogenesis in adult type-2 diabetic rats. Brain research. 2008
- High‐Protein Diet Exacerbates Insulin Resistance via the JNK / IKKβ ‐ IRS ‐1 Pathway. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism. 2025