Disease
type 2 diabetes mellitus
Disease classification：endocrine pancreas disorder; pancreas disorder; glucose metabolism disease; digestive system disorder; diabetes mellitus; metabolic disease
About this disease
A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.
Standard definition source：MONDO:0005148 type 2 diabetes mellitus · ontology version 2026-10-06
References
- Noshahr Zahra Samadi, Salmani Hossein, Khajavi Rad Abolfazl, Sahebkar Amirhossein. Animal Models of Diabetes-Associated Renal Injury. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2020.
- Wang Yun, Zheng Yue, Nishina Patsy M, Naggert Jürgen K.. A new mouse model of metabolic syndrome and associated complications. The Journal of endocrinology. 2009.
- Wu Suhua, Peng Juan, Wang Xiaodong, Gao Hong, Fang Huangrui, Hu Shiyi, Wei Qiufen, Dang Yuanye, Tu Haixia, Zhu Mingyan, Peng Jianye, Liu Yumiao, Zeng Gaofeng, Dai Xiaoyan. Gpx4 Deletion‐Mediated Macrophage Ferroptosis Alleviates Obesity‐Associated Insulin Resistance. The FASEB Journal. 2026.
- Yorek M.A.. Alternatives to the Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rodent. International review of neurobiology. 2016.
- Van Herck Mikhaïl A., Vonghia Luisa, Francque Sven M.. Animal Models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease—A Starter’s Guide. Nutrients. 2017.
- Wang Andrea N., Carlos Joselia, Fraser Graham M., McGuire John J.. Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat: Type 2 diabetes translational research model. Experimental Physiology. 2022.
- Rodríguez-Correa Eduardo, González-Pérez Imelda, Clavel-Pérez Pedro Isauro, Contreras-Vargas Yolanda, Carvajal Karla. Biochemical and nutritional overview of diet-induced metabolic syndrome models in rats: what is the best choice?. Nutrition & Diabetes. 2020.
- He Huijun, Wang Honglian, Chen Xiaocui, Zhong Yu, Huang Xiao Ru, Ma Ronald CW, Wang Cheng, Lan Hui-Yao. Treatment for type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy by targeting Smad3 signaling. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2024.
- da Silva Xavier Gabriela, Bellomo Elisa A., McGinty James A., French Paul M., Rutter Guy A.. Animal Models of GWAS-Identified Type 2 Diabetes Genes. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2013.
- Zhou Rongrong, Llorente Cristina, Cao Jinling, Zaramela Livia S., Zeng Suling, Gao Bei, Li Shang-Zhen, Welch Ryan D., Huang Feng-Qing, Qi Lian-Wen, Pan Chuyue, Huang Yan, Zhou Pengchen, Beussen Iris, Zhang Ying, Bryam Gregory, Fiehn Oliver, Wang Lirui, Liu E-Hu, Yu Ruth T., Downes Michael, Evans Ronald M., Goglin Karrie, Fouts Derrick E., Brenner David A., Bode Lars, Fan Xuegong, Zengler Karsten, Schnabl Bernd. Intestinal α1-2-Fucosylation Contributes to Obesity and Steatohepatitis in Mice. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2021.
- Wang Bingxuan, P. Charukeshi Chandrasekera, Pippin John J.. Leptin- and Leptin Receptor-Deficient Rodent Models: Relevance for Human Type 2 Diabetes. Current Diabetes Reviews. 2014.
- Huang Chien-Wei, Li Chia-Jung, Sung Junne-Ming, Tsai Yau-Sheng, Chen Jin-Shuen. Association between FNDC5 Deficiency and Compromised Mitochondrial Integrity and Biogenesis in Kidney Disease. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2026.
- Heydemann Ahlke. An Overview of Murine High Fat Diet as a Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2016.
- Katsuda Yoshiaki, Ohta Takeshi, Miyajima Katsuhiro, Kemmochi Yusuke, Sasase Tomohiko, Tong Bin, Shinohara Masami, Yamada Takahisa. Diabetic Complications in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Rat Models. Experimental Animals. 2014.
- Al Kury L., Smail M., Qureshi M. A., Sydorenko V., Shmygol A., Oz M., Singh J., Howarth F. C.. Calcium Signaling in the Ventricular Myocardium of the Goto-Kakizaki Type 2 Diabetic Rat. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2018.
- Kitada Munehiro, Ogura Yoshio, Koya Daisuke. Rodent models of diabetic nephropathy: their utility and limitations. International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease. 2016.
- Islam Md. Shahidul. Animal Models of Diabetic Neuropathy: Progress Since 1960s. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2013.
- Feng Bin, Chen Chao, Chen Lin, Chen Yuqiong, Mao Wenjun, Yu Peiran, Yu Hao, Shi Bimin, Zhang Nannan. LGR6 couples maresin 1 signaling to glycolytic flux and protein lactylation for the rescue of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Journal of Diabetes Investigation. 2026.
- Pitale Priyamvada M., Gorbatyuk Marina S., Rossi Settimio. Diabetic Retinopathy: From Animal Models to Cellular Signaling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022.
- Stott Nicole L., Marino Joseph S.. High Fat Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetes: From Rodent to Human. Nutrients. 2020.
Applicable models
Models come from published, verified disease–model relations only.
db/db (Lepr^db)
db/db 模型用于肥胖相关胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病研究，适用性受遗传背景影响。
Verified applicability
Full model recordob/ob (Lep^ob)
ob/ob 模型用于肥胖、胰岛素抵抗与2型糖尿病相关代谢研究，糖尿病表型受遗传背景影响。
Verified applicability
Full model recordCC G×E 多品系队列 (NZO 背景)
CC多品系在饮食条件下与T2D相关的体重、葡萄糖代谢及宿主遗传背景互作的文献参考用途。所引研究使用CC037、CC019、CC010、CC005及C57BL/6对照；其结果不据此证明本条所称“NZO背景”队列的具体组成或公司资源身份。
Verified applicability
Full model record饮食诱导肥胖（DIO）模型（文献参考）
2型糖尿病饮食诱导肥胖与胰岛素抵抗研究的文献参考模型（DIO）
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mouse
HFD group compared with chow-fed controls for metabolic and renal outcomes.
Verified applicability
Full model recordWistar fatty rat
Wistar fatty rats develop glucose intolerance accompanied by exaggerated insulin secretion, hypertrophied islets with degranulation of β cells, albuminuria and decreased GFR, increased ICAM-1 expression and renal hypertrophy.
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet plus low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes rodent
How can diet and low-dose streptozotocin be combined to model type 2 diabetes?; rodents fed high caloric diets with low-dose STZ
Verified applicability
Full model recordZucker diabetic Sprague-Dawley (ZDSD) rat
Which rodent models and endpoints have been used to study obesity, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and what are their limitations?; Zucker diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats.
Verified applicability
Full model recordob/ob C57BL/6 mouse
The review evaluates monogenic obesity models for T2D.; Published ob/ob mouse studies.
Verified applicability
Full model recordGoto-Kakizaki rat
Does resveratrol improve glucose tolerance, tissue lipid handling and pancreatic islet structure in Goto-Kakizaki rats?; GK rats
Verified applicability
Full model recorddb/db C57BLKS mouse
Which renal and metabolic abnormalities develop in db/db mice; db/db mouse kidney and urine at 12 weeks
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet plus low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes C57BL/6J mouse
How chromatin accessibility, transcript isoforms and RNA modifications are remodeled in diabetic cardiomyopathy.; Whether HFD/STZ mice develop diabetic cardiomyopathy with transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling.
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet plus streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes C57BL/6J mouse
Does aerobic exercise alleviate diabetic arterial remodeling through Sirt1?; Male C57BL/6J mice, 6 weeks old; CON, CON-Exe, T2DM and T2DM-Exe groups
Verified applicability
Full model recorduniversity of california davis type 2 diabetes mellitus UCD-T2DM rat
How is diabetes defined and staged in the UCD-T2DM rat?; UCD-T2DM rats under regular chow or high-fat diet, with fed or fasting blood glucose monitoring.
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet plus streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes C57BL/6 mouse
Does the STZ-HFD model produce more intervertebral disc inflammation and degeneration than db/db?; Intervertebral discs from male C57BL/6 mice, 12 weeks old at start, n=13 STZ-HFD and n=7 vehicle controls
Verified applicability
Full model recordob/ob mouse
Does suppressing Lpcat3 improve insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in diet-induced and genetic obese diabetic mice?; 6-7-week-old ob/ob mice
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet-induced obesity mouse
Whether PTPN1/PTPN2 inhibition induces weight loss in diet-induced obesity with an intact but resistant leptin axis; DIO mice, n = 5 per group, 6-week treatment plus 2-week withdrawal
Verified applicability
Full model recordOtsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat
Recommendation that diabetic rat models remain essential for developing novel drugs and understanding human diabetes.; Review-level conclusion.
Verified applicability
Full model recordSpontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat
Which rat model most closely resembles human DR pathophysiology?; Review of spontaneously diabetic Torii rats
Verified applicability
Full model recordt2dn/mcwi rat
Is the T2DN/Mcwi rat suitable for advanced diabetic nephropathy research?; T2DN/Mcwi rat
Verified applicability
Full model recordSpontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat
Pathophysiological features of diabetes and its complications in obese T2D rat models.; Review-level synthesis across models.
Verified applicability
Full model recordKK-Ay mouse
What stages of diabetic nephropathy does the KK-Ay mouse reproduce?; KK-Ay mouse
Verified applicability
Full model recordob/ob BTBR mouse
Which rodent models and phenotyping methods are appropriate for experimental diabetic nephropathy?; diabetic nephropathy models
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet plus low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes Wistar rat
Does MOTS-c restore cardiac mitochondrial respiration in type 2 diabetic rats?; Male Wistar rats, 6-7 weeks old and 150-200 g, fed a high-fat diet for 15 weeks with a 25 mg/kg streptozotocin injection at week 8
Verified applicability
Full model recordZucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat
Review of pancreatic, renal, ocular, neural, bone and gonadal complications in obese T2D rat models.; Review-level synthesis of ZDF studies.
Verified applicability
Full model recorddb/db mouse
Which metabolic and renal abnormalities develop in db/db mice; kidney tissue, urine and serum from db/db mice
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes C57BL/6J mouse
Does liver-directed AAV-BMP7 reverse diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance?; Male C57BL/6J mice fed chow or HFD for 6 weeks from 2 months of age, then followed about 6 months
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet plus low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes Sprague-Dawley rat
Whether DMT1-mediated iron transport in bone contributes to the bone microstructure and biomechanical deterioration of type 2 diabetic osteoporosis.; Tibia of male Sprague-Dawley rats, 3 months old at purchase, fed high-fat diet for two months then given 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal streptozotocin, studied at 8 months of age; n=10 per group.
Verified applicability
Full model recordHigh-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mouse
Does loss of CD226 alter high-fat diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue macrophage inflammation?; Wild-type C57BL/6 littermates fed a 60% fat HFD for 16 weeks starting at 5-6 weeks of age
Verified applicability
Full model recordSHR/N-corpulent (SHR/N-cp) rat
How relevant and translatable are leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models to human type 2 diabetes?; Narrative review of published studies on leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodents; no animals used in this study
Verified applicability
Full model recordTcf7l2 whole-body knockout mouse (reference model)
What whole-body loss of Tcf7l2 reveals about T2D risk gene function.; Constitutive Tcf7l2 −/− mice.
Verified applicability
Full model recordZnT8 (Slc30a8) systemic knockout mouse
What systemic ZnT8 loss reveals about insulin processing and glucose homeostasis.; Systemic ZnT8 knockout mice from several colonies.
Verified applicability
Full model recordpancreas-specific Tcf7l2 knockout mouse (Pdx1-Cre)
Whether pancreatic Tcf7l2 deletion impairs glucose homeostasis.; Pancreas-specific Tcf7l2 knockout mice.
Verified applicability
Full model recordalpha cell-specific ZnT8 knockout mouse
Whether α cell ZnT8 deletion affects glucose tolerance.; α cell-specific ZnT8 null mice.
Verified applicability
Full model recordbeta cell-specific Tcf7l2 knockout mouse (RIP2.Cre-ER T2, tamoxifen-inducible)
Whether β cell-specific Tcf7l2 deletion reproduces the islet phenotype.; βTCF4KO mice on normal or high-fat diet.
Verified applicability
Full model recordbeta cell-specific ZnT8 knockout mouse (RIP2 promoter)
Whether β cell ZnT8 deletion accounts for the systemic knockout phenotype.; β cell-specific ZnT8 null mice.
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet-fed Wistar rat
What hepatic and adipose responses do Wistar rats show to moderate-duration HFD?; Reviewed studies of Wistar rats fed 45% lard-based diet for 4-15 weeks
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet-induced obesity Sprague-Dawley rat
Which rodent models and endpoints have been used to study obesity, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and what are their limitations?; High-fat diet-fed Sprague-Dawley rats.
Verified applicability
Full model recordZucker fatty (fa/fa) rat
Which rodent models and endpoints have been used to study obesity, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and what are their limitations?; Obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats.
Verified applicability
Full model recordJCR:LA-corpulent (JCR:LA-cp) rat
How relevant and translatable are leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodent models to human type 2 diabetes?; Narrative review of published studies on leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient rodents; no animals used in this study
Verified applicability
Full model record45% high-fat diet Western-like rodent model
Review-recommended model that most closely recapitulates human Western diet and progressive T2D phenotype
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh carbohydrate diet-induced rat model
Review-recommended model for early MS stages with mild FBG effect but significant hypertriglyceridemia and IR
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh carbohydrate-high fat diet-induced rat model (cafeteria diet)
Review-recommended cafeteria-style HCH-HFD as the most robust model inducing obesity, dyslipidemia, IR, hyperglycemia and inflammation
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh fat diet-induced rat model
Review-recommended 30-50% HFD as the model of choice to simulate a condition close to T2DM within 10+ weeks
Verified applicability
Full model recordneonatal streptozotocin followed by high-fat diet mouse
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes combined with HFD is used as a NAFLD model
Verified applicability
Full model recordhigh-fat diet plus streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mouse (adult induction)
Adult high-fat diet plus streptozotocin mouse research on hyperglycemia and diabetic kidney injury.
Verified applicability
Full model record